Molybdenum is an essential trace element that the body only needs in minute quantities – but without which many vital processes would not function. It acts as a cofactor for certain enzymes responsible for the breakdown and utilization of amino acids, purines, and sulfur compounds . Therefore, molybdenum plays a key role in detoxification, energy production, and the metabolism of proteins and DNA .
The human body contains only about 8–10 milligrams of molybdenum in total, primarily in the liver, kidneys, bones, and muscles . Although the requirement is very low, this trace element is essential for life, as the enzymes that depend on it would be non-functional without molybdenum.
Natural sources include legumes, grains, nuts, dairy products, eggs, leafy green vegetables, and organ meats . The molybdenum content of foods depends heavily on the soil in which they grow.
Molybdenum is a component of four key enzymes in the human body – sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase , and mitochondrial amidoxime reductase . These enzymes are crucial for detoxification, uric acid formation, metabolism, and cell protection.
1. Detoxification and sulfur metabolism:
Sulfite oxidase converts toxic sulfites (which originate, for example, from food, exhaust fumes, or bodily processes) into harmless sulfates . Without sufficient molybdenum, the body could not effectively break down sulfites, which can lead to headaches, respiratory problems, or skin reactions.
2. Protein and amino acid metabolism:
Molybdenum-dependent enzymes help break down sulfur-containing amino acids such as methionine and cysteine . Therefore, molybdenum supports energy production and the utilization of proteins from food.
3. Purine and uric acid metabolism:
The enzyme xanthine oxidase converts purines – components of DNA and RNA – into uric acid , which is then excreted via the kidneys. Molybdenum thus plays a crucial role in detoxification and waste elimination . Proper regulation of this process is essential for maintaining healthy uric acid levels and preventing diseases such as gout.
4. Antioxidant protection and energy production:
Molybdenum acts indirectly as an antioxidant by supporting enzymatic processes that neutralize free radicals. It also aids in the metabolism of certain drugs and environmental toxins in the liver, thus contributing to detoxification and liver health .
Supports detoxification by breaking down harmful sulfites.
Promotes protein and amino acid metabolism
Regulates purine and uric acid levels
Supports liver function and detoxification processes
Contributes to energy production and cell regeneration
It has an indirect antioxidant effect and protects cells from oxidative stress.
Supports metabolic activity in the processing of medications and foreign substances
Molybdenum is very well tolerated in the recommended amounts. The daily intake should be around 50–100 µg . Molybdenum deficiency is extremely rare, but can occur with artificial nutrition or severe metabolic disorders. Symptoms may include fatigue, difficulty concentrating, headaches, or increased sensitivity to sulfites .
An excess of molybdenum is also rare, but extremely high intake (over 2 mg/day over a longer period) can lead to copper deficiency , joint problems or elevated uric acid levels , as molybdenum affects copper absorption and stimulates uric acid metabolism.
Interactions:
Copper: Molybdenum and copper influence each other – an excess of one can inhibit the other.
Sulfur-containing amino acids: High intake increases the need for molybdenum.
Molybdenum is an unassuming yet highly important trace element that supports the body in detoxification, energy production, and protein and DNA metabolism . It protects cells, regulates uric acid levels, and contributes to healthy liver and kidney function. A balanced diet including legumes, grains, and nuts usually covers the daily requirement without any problems. During periods of increased stress, with frequent medication use, or in cases of sensitivity to sulfites, moderate supplementation may be beneficial.
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